Thursday, August 01, 2013
St. Alphonsus Liguori, Bishop, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
Exodus 40:16-21, 34-38
Psalm 84:3-6, 8, 11
Matthew 13:47-53
He who walking on the sea could calm the bitter waves, who gives life to the dying seeds of the earth; he who was able to loose the mortal chains of death, and after three days' darkness could bring again to the upper world the brother for his sister Martha: He, I believe, will make Damasus rise again from the dust.
-- St Damasus (from an epitaph written for himself)
Friday, August 02, 2013
Our Lady of the Angels of Portiuncula (Solemnity)
Sirach 24:1-4, 16, 22-24
Psalm 34:5, 7, 9-10, 18-19
Galatians 4:3-7
Luke 1:26-33
The more Christian and conscious people are of their dignity and of their vital role in the Church, the more they urgently feel the need for priests who are truly priests.
-- Pope John Paul
Saturday, August 03, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Leviticus 25:1, 8-17
Psalm 67:2-3, 5, 7-8
Matthew 14:1-12
Fidélium ánimae per misericordiam Dei requiéscant in pace. Amen May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God, rest in peace. Amen.
-- Fidélium ánimae
Sunday, August 04, 2013
Eighteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Ecclesiastes 1:2, 2:21-23
Psalm 90:3-6, 12-14, 17
Colossians 3:1-5, 9-11
Luke 12:13-21
The dignity of man rests above all on the fact that he is called to communion with God. This invitation to converse with God is addressed to man as soon as he comes into being. For if man exists it is because God has created him through love, and through love continues to hold him in existence. He cannot live fully according to truth unless he freely acknowledges that love and entrusts himself to his Creator.
-- Gaudium et spes
Monday, August 05, 2013
Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome (Optional Memorial)
Numbers 11:4-15
Psalm 81:12-17
Matthew 14:13-21
When I am completely united to you, there will be no more sorrow or trials; entirely full of you, my life will be complete.
-- St. Augustine
Tuesday, August 06, 2013
The Transfiguration of the Lord (Feast)
Daniel 7:9-10, 13-14
Psalm 97:1-2, 5-6, 9
2 Peter 1:16-19
Luke 9:28-36
It is clear therefore that, in the supremely wise arrangement of God, sacred Tradition, Sacred Scripture and the Magisterium of the Church are so connected and associated that one of them cannot stand without the others. Working together, each in its own way, under the action of the one Holy Spirit, they all contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.
-- Dei Verbum
Wednesday, August 07, 2013
Numbers 13:1-2, 25 -- 14:1, 26-29, 34-35
Psalm 106:6-7, 13-14, 21-23
Matthew 15:21-28
Belief in the Eucharist is a treasure we must seek by submissiveness, preserve by piety, and defend at any cost. Not to believe in the Blessed Sacrament is the greatest of misfortunes.
-- St Peter Emyard
Thursday, August 08, 2013
Holy Father Dominic, Priest, Founder of the Order of Preachers (Feast)
2 Timothy 4:1-5
Psalm 37:3-6, 30-31
Matthew 5:13-16
Behold a great priest who in his days pleased the Lord, and was found righteous; and in the time of wrath he was taken in exchange for the world.
-- Ecclus 44:16
Friday, August 09, 2013
St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein), Virgin and Martyr (Optional Memorial)
Deuteronomy 4:32-40
Psalm 77:12-16, 21
Matthew 16:24-28
I have found David My servant, with My holy oil I have anointed him; for My hand shall help him, and My arm shall strengthen him. The enemy shall have no advantage over him, and the son of iniquity shall not hurt him.
-- Psalm 88: 21-23
Saturday, August 10, 2013
St. Lawrence, Deacon, Martyr (Feast)
2 Corinthians 9:6-10
Psalm 112:1-2, 5-9
John 12:24-26
Consequently, methodical research in all branches of knowledge, provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws, can never conflict with the faith, because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same God. The humble and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led, as it were, by the hand of God in spite of himself, for it is God, the conserver of all things, who made them what they are.
-- Gaudium et Spes
Sunday, August 11, 2013
Nineteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Wisdom 18:6-9
Psalm 33:1, 12, 18-22
Hebrews 11:1-2, 8-19 or 11:1-2, 8-12
Luke 12:32-48 or 12:35-40
The believer's act [of faith] does not terminate in the propositions, but in the realities [which they express].
-- St. Thomas Aquinas
Monday, August 12, 2013
Deuteronomy 10:12-22
Psalm 147:12-15, 19-20
Matthew 17:22-27
For though languages differ throughout the world, the content of the Tradition is one and the same. The Churches established in Germany have no other faith or Tradition, nor do those of the Iberians, nor those of the Celts, nor those of the East, of Egypt, of Libya, nor those established at the centre of the world. . .
-- St. Iranaeus, Adversus haereses
Tuesday, August 13, 2013
Deuteronomy 31:1-8
Deuteronomy 32:3-4, 7-9, 12
Matthew 18:1-5, 10, 12-14
This synthesis of faith was not made to accord with human opinions, but rather what was of the greatest importance was gathered from all the Scriptures, to present the one teaching of the faith in its entirety. And just as the mustard seed contains a great number of branches in a tiny grain, so too this summary of faith encompassed in a few words the whole knowledge of the true religion contained in the Old and the New Testaments.
-- St. Cyril of Jerusalem
Wednesday, August 14, 2013
St. Maximilian Mary Kolbe, Priest, Martyr (Memorial)
1 John 3:13-18
Psalm 116:10-13, 16-17
John 15:12-17
When I am before the Blessed Sacrament I feel such a lively faith that I can't describe it. Christ in the Eucharist is almost tangible to me...When it is time for me to leave, I have to tear myself away from His sacred presence.
-- St Anthony of Claret
Thursday, August 15, 2013
The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Solemnity)
Revelation 11:19; 12:1-6, 10
Psalm 45:10-12, 16
1 Corinthians 15:20-27
Luke 1:39-56
I will worship towards Thy holy temple: and I will give glory to Thy name. Alleluia
-- Psalm 137:2
Friday, August 16, 2013
Joshua 24:1-13
Psalm 136:1-3, 16-18, 21-22, 24
Matthew 19:3-12
My Lord and my God, take from me everything that distances me from you. My Lord and my God, give me everything that brings me closer to you. My Lord and my God, detach me from myself to give my all to you.
-- St. Nicholas of Flüe
Saturday, August 17, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Joshua 24:14-29
Psalm 16:1-2, 5, 7-8, 11
Matthew 19:13-15
This Creed is the spiritual seal, our heart's meditation and an ever-present guardian; it is, unquestionably, the treasure of our soul.
-- St. Ambrose
Sunday, August 18, 2013
Twentieth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Jeremiah 38:4-6, 8-10
Psalm 40:2-4, 18
Hebrews 12:1-4
Luke 12:49-53
Withdraw your heart from the world before God takes your body from it.
-- Blessed John of Avila
Monday, August 19, 2013
St. Louis, Bishop (Optional Memorial)
Ezekiel 34:11-16
Psalm 23:1-6
John 10:11-16
The faults of children are not always imputed to the parents, especially when they have instructed them and given good example. Our Lord, in His wonderous Providence, allows children to break the hearts of devout fathers and mothers. Thus the decisions your children have made don't make you a failure as a parent in God's eyes. You are entitled to feel sorrow, but not necessarily guilt. Do not cease praying for your children; God's grace can touch a hardened heart. Commend your children to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. When parents pray the Rosary,at the end of each decade they should hold the Rosary aloft and say to her,"With these beads bind my children to your Immaculate Heart", she will attend to their souls.
-- St. Louise de Marillac
Tuesday, August 20, 2013
St. Bernard, Abbot, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
Judges 6:11-24
Psalm 85:9, 11-14
Matthew 19:23-30
Hearken, O daughter, and see, and incline thine ear; for the King hath greatly desired thy beauty;. With thy comeliness and thy beauty, set out, proceed prosperously, and reign.
-- Psalm 45:11,12
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
St. Pius X, Pope (Memorial)
Judges 9:6-15
Psalm 21:2-7
Matthew 20:1-16
If people would do for God what they do for the world, my dear people, what a great number of Christians would go to Heaven! But if you dear children, had to pass three or four hours praying in a Church, as you pass them at a dance or in a cabaret, how heavily the world would press upon you.
-- St John Vianney
Thursday, August 22, 2013
The Queenship of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Memorial)
Isaiah 9:1-6
Psalm 113:1-8
Luke 1:26-38
We firmly believe and confess without reservation that there is only one true God, eternal infinite (immensus) and unchangeable, incomprehensible, almighty and ineffable, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit; three persons indeed, but one essence, substance or nature entirely simple.
-- Lateran Council IV
Friday, August 23, 2013
St. Rose of Lima, Virgin (Optional Memorial)
Ruth 1:1, 3-6, 14-16, 22
Psalm 146:5-10
Matthew 22:34-40
Since all things lie open to His eyes and ears, let us hold Him in awe and rid ourselves of impure desires to do works of evil, so that we may be protected by His mercy from the judgement that is to come. Which of us can escape His mighty hand?
-- Pope St. Clement
Saturday, August 24, 2013
St. Bartholomew, Apostle (Feast)
Revelation 21:9-14
Psalm 145:10-13, 17-18
John 1:45-51
You recall that one and the same Word of God extends throughout Scripture, that it is one and the same Utterance that resounds in the mouths of all the sacred writers, since He who was in the beginning God with God has no need of separate syllables; for He is not subject to time.
-- St. Augustine, Enarrationes in Psalmos
Sunday, August 25, 2013
Twenty-First Sunday in Ordinary Time
Isaiah 66:18-21
Psalm 117:1-2
Hebrews 12:5-7, 11-13
Luke 13:22-30
Christ said, 'I am the Truth'; he did not say 'I am the custom.'
-- St Toribio
Monday, August 26, 2013
1 Thessalonians 1:1-5, 8-10
Psalm 149:1-6, 9
Matthew 23:13-22
Question the beauty of the earth, question the beauty of the sea, question the beauty of the air distending and diffusing itself, question the beauty of the sky. . . question all these realities. All respond: "See, we are beautiful." Their beauty is a profession [confessio]. These beauties are subject to change. Who made them if not the Beautiful One [Pulcher] who is not subject to change?
-- St. Augustine
Tuesday, August 27, 2013
St. Monica (Memorial)
1 Thessalonians 2:1-8
Psalm 139:1-3, 4-6
Matthew 23:23-26
The certainty that the divine light gives is greater than that which the light of natural reason gives.
-- St. Thomas Aquinas
Wednesday, August 28, 2013
St. Augustine, Bishop, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
1 Thessalonians 2:9-13
Psalm 139:7-12
Matthew 23:27-32
Son, nothing in this world now affords me delight. I do not know what there is now for me to do or why I am still here, all my hopes in this world being now fulfilled.
-- St. Monica about the conversion of Augustine
Thursday, August 29, 2013
The Passion of St. John the Baptist (Memorial)
Jeremiah 1:17-19
Psalm 71:1-6, 15, 17
Mark 6:17-29
Few souls understand what God would accomplish in them if they were to abandon themselves unreservedly to Him and if they were to allow His grace to mold them accordingly.
-- St Ignatius Loyola
Friday, August 30, 2013
1 Thessalonians 4:1-8
Psalm 97:1-2, 5-6, 10-12
Matthew 25:1-13
Come ye after me and I will make you to be fishers of men; and they, immediately leaving their nets, followed the lord.
-- Matt. 4: 19-20
Saturday, August 31, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
1 Thessalonians 4:9-11
Psalm 98:1, 7-9
Matthew 25:14-30
The saints judge nations, and rule over people: and the Lord their God shall reign for ever. Rejoice in the Lord, ye just: praise becometh the upright.
-- Wisdom 3: 8; Ps 32:1
St. Alphonsus Liguori, Bishop, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
Exodus 40:16-21, 34-38
Psalm 84:3-6, 8, 11
Matthew 13:47-53
He who walking on the sea could calm the bitter waves, who gives life to the dying seeds of the earth; he who was able to loose the mortal chains of death, and after three days' darkness could bring again to the upper world the brother for his sister Martha: He, I believe, will make Damasus rise again from the dust.
-- St Damasus (from an epitaph written for himself)
Friday, August 02, 2013
Our Lady of the Angels of Portiuncula (Solemnity)
Sirach 24:1-4, 16, 22-24
Psalm 34:5, 7, 9-10, 18-19
Galatians 4:3-7
Luke 1:26-33
The more Christian and conscious people are of their dignity and of their vital role in the Church, the more they urgently feel the need for priests who are truly priests.
-- Pope John Paul
Saturday, August 03, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Leviticus 25:1, 8-17
Psalm 67:2-3, 5, 7-8
Matthew 14:1-12
Fidélium ánimae per misericordiam Dei requiéscant in pace. Amen May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God, rest in peace. Amen.
-- Fidélium ánimae
Sunday, August 04, 2013
Eighteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Ecclesiastes 1:2, 2:21-23
Psalm 90:3-6, 12-14, 17
Colossians 3:1-5, 9-11
Luke 12:13-21
The dignity of man rests above all on the fact that he is called to communion with God. This invitation to converse with God is addressed to man as soon as he comes into being. For if man exists it is because God has created him through love, and through love continues to hold him in existence. He cannot live fully according to truth unless he freely acknowledges that love and entrusts himself to his Creator.
-- Gaudium et spes
Monday, August 05, 2013
Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome (Optional Memorial)
Numbers 11:4-15
Psalm 81:12-17
Matthew 14:13-21
When I am completely united to you, there will be no more sorrow or trials; entirely full of you, my life will be complete.
-- St. Augustine
Tuesday, August 06, 2013
The Transfiguration of the Lord (Feast)
Daniel 7:9-10, 13-14
Psalm 97:1-2, 5-6, 9
2 Peter 1:16-19
Luke 9:28-36
It is clear therefore that, in the supremely wise arrangement of God, sacred Tradition, Sacred Scripture and the Magisterium of the Church are so connected and associated that one of them cannot stand without the others. Working together, each in its own way, under the action of the one Holy Spirit, they all contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.
-- Dei Verbum
Wednesday, August 07, 2013
Numbers 13:1-2, 25 -- 14:1, 26-29, 34-35
Psalm 106:6-7, 13-14, 21-23
Matthew 15:21-28
Belief in the Eucharist is a treasure we must seek by submissiveness, preserve by piety, and defend at any cost. Not to believe in the Blessed Sacrament is the greatest of misfortunes.
-- St Peter Emyard
Thursday, August 08, 2013
Holy Father Dominic, Priest, Founder of the Order of Preachers (Feast)
2 Timothy 4:1-5
Psalm 37:3-6, 30-31
Matthew 5:13-16
Behold a great priest who in his days pleased the Lord, and was found righteous; and in the time of wrath he was taken in exchange for the world.
-- Ecclus 44:16
Friday, August 09, 2013
St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein), Virgin and Martyr (Optional Memorial)
Deuteronomy 4:32-40
Psalm 77:12-16, 21
Matthew 16:24-28
I have found David My servant, with My holy oil I have anointed him; for My hand shall help him, and My arm shall strengthen him. The enemy shall have no advantage over him, and the son of iniquity shall not hurt him.
-- Psalm 88: 21-23
Saturday, August 10, 2013
St. Lawrence, Deacon, Martyr (Feast)
2 Corinthians 9:6-10
Psalm 112:1-2, 5-9
John 12:24-26
Consequently, methodical research in all branches of knowledge, provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws, can never conflict with the faith, because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same God. The humble and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led, as it were, by the hand of God in spite of himself, for it is God, the conserver of all things, who made them what they are.
-- Gaudium et Spes
Sunday, August 11, 2013
Nineteenth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Wisdom 18:6-9
Psalm 33:1, 12, 18-22
Hebrews 11:1-2, 8-19 or 11:1-2, 8-12
Luke 12:32-48 or 12:35-40
The believer's act [of faith] does not terminate in the propositions, but in the realities [which they express].
-- St. Thomas Aquinas
Monday, August 12, 2013
Deuteronomy 10:12-22
Psalm 147:12-15, 19-20
Matthew 17:22-27
For though languages differ throughout the world, the content of the Tradition is one and the same. The Churches established in Germany have no other faith or Tradition, nor do those of the Iberians, nor those of the Celts, nor those of the East, of Egypt, of Libya, nor those established at the centre of the world. . .
-- St. Iranaeus, Adversus haereses
Tuesday, August 13, 2013
Deuteronomy 31:1-8
Deuteronomy 32:3-4, 7-9, 12
Matthew 18:1-5, 10, 12-14
This synthesis of faith was not made to accord with human opinions, but rather what was of the greatest importance was gathered from all the Scriptures, to present the one teaching of the faith in its entirety. And just as the mustard seed contains a great number of branches in a tiny grain, so too this summary of faith encompassed in a few words the whole knowledge of the true religion contained in the Old and the New Testaments.
-- St. Cyril of Jerusalem
Wednesday, August 14, 2013
St. Maximilian Mary Kolbe, Priest, Martyr (Memorial)
1 John 3:13-18
Psalm 116:10-13, 16-17
John 15:12-17
When I am before the Blessed Sacrament I feel such a lively faith that I can't describe it. Christ in the Eucharist is almost tangible to me...When it is time for me to leave, I have to tear myself away from His sacred presence.
-- St Anthony of Claret
Thursday, August 15, 2013
The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Solemnity)
Revelation 11:19; 12:1-6, 10
Psalm 45:10-12, 16
1 Corinthians 15:20-27
Luke 1:39-56
I will worship towards Thy holy temple: and I will give glory to Thy name. Alleluia
-- Psalm 137:2
Friday, August 16, 2013
Joshua 24:1-13
Psalm 136:1-3, 16-18, 21-22, 24
Matthew 19:3-12
My Lord and my God, take from me everything that distances me from you. My Lord and my God, give me everything that brings me closer to you. My Lord and my God, detach me from myself to give my all to you.
-- St. Nicholas of Flüe
Saturday, August 17, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Joshua 24:14-29
Psalm 16:1-2, 5, 7-8, 11
Matthew 19:13-15
This Creed is the spiritual seal, our heart's meditation and an ever-present guardian; it is, unquestionably, the treasure of our soul.
-- St. Ambrose
Sunday, August 18, 2013
Twentieth Sunday in Ordinary Time
Jeremiah 38:4-6, 8-10
Psalm 40:2-4, 18
Hebrews 12:1-4
Luke 12:49-53
Withdraw your heart from the world before God takes your body from it.
-- Blessed John of Avila
Monday, August 19, 2013
St. Louis, Bishop (Optional Memorial)
Ezekiel 34:11-16
Psalm 23:1-6
John 10:11-16
The faults of children are not always imputed to the parents, especially when they have instructed them and given good example. Our Lord, in His wonderous Providence, allows children to break the hearts of devout fathers and mothers. Thus the decisions your children have made don't make you a failure as a parent in God's eyes. You are entitled to feel sorrow, but not necessarily guilt. Do not cease praying for your children; God's grace can touch a hardened heart. Commend your children to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. When parents pray the Rosary,at the end of each decade they should hold the Rosary aloft and say to her,"With these beads bind my children to your Immaculate Heart", she will attend to their souls.
-- St. Louise de Marillac
Tuesday, August 20, 2013
St. Bernard, Abbot, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
Judges 6:11-24
Psalm 85:9, 11-14
Matthew 19:23-30
Hearken, O daughter, and see, and incline thine ear; for the King hath greatly desired thy beauty;. With thy comeliness and thy beauty, set out, proceed prosperously, and reign.
-- Psalm 45:11,12
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
St. Pius X, Pope (Memorial)
Judges 9:6-15
Psalm 21:2-7
Matthew 20:1-16
If people would do for God what they do for the world, my dear people, what a great number of Christians would go to Heaven! But if you dear children, had to pass three or four hours praying in a Church, as you pass them at a dance or in a cabaret, how heavily the world would press upon you.
-- St John Vianney
Thursday, August 22, 2013
The Queenship of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Memorial)
Isaiah 9:1-6
Psalm 113:1-8
Luke 1:26-38
We firmly believe and confess without reservation that there is only one true God, eternal infinite (immensus) and unchangeable, incomprehensible, almighty and ineffable, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit; three persons indeed, but one essence, substance or nature entirely simple.
-- Lateran Council IV
Friday, August 23, 2013
St. Rose of Lima, Virgin (Optional Memorial)
Ruth 1:1, 3-6, 14-16, 22
Psalm 146:5-10
Matthew 22:34-40
Since all things lie open to His eyes and ears, let us hold Him in awe and rid ourselves of impure desires to do works of evil, so that we may be protected by His mercy from the judgement that is to come. Which of us can escape His mighty hand?
-- Pope St. Clement
Saturday, August 24, 2013
St. Bartholomew, Apostle (Feast)
Revelation 21:9-14
Psalm 145:10-13, 17-18
John 1:45-51
You recall that one and the same Word of God extends throughout Scripture, that it is one and the same Utterance that resounds in the mouths of all the sacred writers, since He who was in the beginning God with God has no need of separate syllables; for He is not subject to time.
-- St. Augustine, Enarrationes in Psalmos
Sunday, August 25, 2013
Twenty-First Sunday in Ordinary Time
Isaiah 66:18-21
Psalm 117:1-2
Hebrews 12:5-7, 11-13
Luke 13:22-30
Christ said, 'I am the Truth'; he did not say 'I am the custom.'
-- St Toribio
Monday, August 26, 2013
1 Thessalonians 1:1-5, 8-10
Psalm 149:1-6, 9
Matthew 23:13-22
Question the beauty of the earth, question the beauty of the sea, question the beauty of the air distending and diffusing itself, question the beauty of the sky. . . question all these realities. All respond: "See, we are beautiful." Their beauty is a profession [confessio]. These beauties are subject to change. Who made them if not the Beautiful One [Pulcher] who is not subject to change?
-- St. Augustine
Tuesday, August 27, 2013
St. Monica (Memorial)
1 Thessalonians 2:1-8
Psalm 139:1-3, 4-6
Matthew 23:23-26
The certainty that the divine light gives is greater than that which the light of natural reason gives.
-- St. Thomas Aquinas
Wednesday, August 28, 2013
St. Augustine, Bishop, Doctor of the Church (Memorial)
1 Thessalonians 2:9-13
Psalm 139:7-12
Matthew 23:27-32
Son, nothing in this world now affords me delight. I do not know what there is now for me to do or why I am still here, all my hopes in this world being now fulfilled.
-- St. Monica about the conversion of Augustine
Thursday, August 29, 2013
The Passion of St. John the Baptist (Memorial)
Jeremiah 1:17-19
Psalm 71:1-6, 15, 17
Mark 6:17-29
Few souls understand what God would accomplish in them if they were to abandon themselves unreservedly to Him and if they were to allow His grace to mold them accordingly.
-- St Ignatius Loyola
Friday, August 30, 2013
1 Thessalonians 4:1-8
Psalm 97:1-2, 5-6, 10-12
Matthew 25:1-13
Come ye after me and I will make you to be fishers of men; and they, immediately leaving their nets, followed the lord.
-- Matt. 4: 19-20
Saturday, August 31, 2013
Saturday Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary
1 Thessalonians 4:9-11
Psalm 98:1, 7-9
Matthew 25:14-30
The saints judge nations, and rule over people: and the Lord their God shall reign for ever. Rejoice in the Lord, ye just: praise becometh the upright.
-- Wisdom 3: 8; Ps 32:1